Judges:a different theological view of Joshua
not unitfied-- moves towards anarchy, perhaps emphasizes the need for a king.
shaphat-chieftain or leader charismatic military leader
patern of judges:apostacy (people stop following the lord), opressed, cry out to god, deliverance(leader)
Good judges:
othinel- rest for 40
Ehud killed fat king 80
Deborah: was a real judge 40
Bad judges:
gideon: asks for signs, mutiple times, rest for 40
ofered kingship... asks for gold.. makes an Ephod
Jepthah: son of prostitute, mercinary, called by elders not god, made a foolish oath before god
had to kill his daughter
Samson: begins w/ hero pattern. temper, unclean(cuts hair as nazorite, lion honey, marries foreign woman, lust.)Delila, philistine
Mica makes idol, teraphim, ephod, and private shrine. hires a levite to work there. worships for prosperity. tribe of Dan needs land, they slaughter innocent people, and take his priest. they establish idol worship.
Levite concubine traveling man and woman--she reped to death in benjamite town, husband cuts her body into 12 pieces and sends them to the tribes.. war on Benjamin tribe. thousands die. have to find wives for the benjamites...
and in those days ther was no knig and all the people did what was right I their own eyes.
Chapter 9
Philistines: one of the �sea peoples who migrated to the southwest costal plain of palestine after failing in their attempt to settle egypt. this occurred in about 1200 bce about the same time that the isrealites were establishing themselves as a country. they posed a threat to early israel
Chiefdom: a group of hiearrchically orgsnized societys that lack a strong central gov. ranking of individuals in the community, regionally centrallized organization of local communities
tribal period: segmentary society,
chiefdom: in the days of saul,
kingdom:
Samuel: a transitional char. who occupies the space between the demonstrated inadequicies of the tribal sys in the face of the phylistine chrisis, and the appearance of the first king.
social critic. god�s faithful rep. to the people. phillistines kept away during his time.
Saul: leader of the isrealite tribes annointed by samuel, as the first king of israel.
best understood as a chief. transitional figure
samuel warns against kingship
saul portrayed in a positive light
samuel warns again and saul shwon as hiding in the baggage
saul leads an inspired victory over the ammorites
samuel admonishes him again
donkey story
luggage story
oxyen story--good
army restless
stupid oath--no eat
put everything to the sword-- does not
medium at endor calls the prophet Samuel�s ghost for king Saul
David: singled out form sons of Jessee by samuel, music for saul, kills golioth, threatened by saul, becomes a mercinary, raids israel�s enemies, loves jonathan saul�s son, king over all israel, defaets the phillistines, moved capital to jerusalem, maries micha. first king of south, then took over N also.
rise of david first part of books, court history 2nd part
Jerusalem: city founded by david to geographicsally unify the N and S, moved the ark ther and his son will build temple. god makes covenant w/ david �city of david�
Court History: or the Succcession Narrative, superior historical comp, maybe a person in the couirt, but could be a story teller from future. david... flaws and consequences
Bathsheba: wife of Uriah, the man who was too ritheous to sleep w/ jis wife during time of war, david sees her on roof, has affair, has husband killed. so king can marry her and pregnancy will not be exposed
Nathan, court prophet who confronts david twice. says child will die,
Amnon: rapes his half sister Tamar.
Absalom: kills his half brother Amnon for rapeing his sister, he is exiled for two years,. returns and trys to steal throne sleeps with his fathers conccubines hushi a prophet still loyal to david tells him not to persue his father.
Joab: david�s general and nephew, frequently commands the army. sends wise woman tekoa, usins a similar story she convinces him to let his son come home. kills Amassa who would have replaced him
Solomon: son of divid, not the oldest though, what does his name mean??wise good king who goes bad because of idolatorly--wives. god�s covenent not unconditional. built many structures including a temple, but opressed the people to do so. he was the real start of the burecracy
divides the kingdom but not along tribal lines
Jeroboam: leader of forced labor, rival to solomon who solomon fails to kill, forbodes bad things..
the wisbom books associated w/ solomon: proverbs, Ecclesiastes (qohelet), Song of Songs (Song of Solomon),
Michal : Saul�s daughte and David�s wife
Chapter 10
Major prophets: Iasiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel
Minor Prorhets: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi.
prophet: Gk. �speaks before� Heb. nabi: one who could speak before, before god, and prophecy
Rehoboam: son of solomon who tells people he will not discontinue his father�s opressive practices and causes the kingdom to be split into North and South. he keeps two kindoms of the south that become known as judah
Jeroboaham: installed as king of the N tribes after rehoboam is run off. builds alters at dan and Bethel
KNOW MAP ON P. 329
Ahijah: �yahweh is my brother�, a prophet from shiloh, anticipates that jeroboaham would be more loyal to god that solomon had been or solomon�s son might be. tears clothes--i am about to tear the kingdom of israel and give you ten tribes.
2 cultic centers established by jeraboam: Bethel (S.) and Dan (N.)
721 BCE N. KINGDOM, ISRAEL falls to the assyrians
only 2 ritheous kings in the south: Hezekiah and Josiah
Omri: good king of isreal N kingdom, who united and strengthened the country. stabilized borders by marrying his son to jezebel ... bible is neg towards him established Samaria as the capital.
Symaria: new capital established by Omri--Samaria also became a name for israel under assyrian rule.
Ahab and Jezebel: jezabel is a staunch worshiper of baal..mt. Caramel conflict
Elijah is his worst critic. Jezebel--�izebul-where is the prince, �i-zebul--no nobility, zebel--dung
Jeru: jehoram�s millitary commander, at the instigation of Elisha, took power over israel from omri�s son. his dynasty lasted for five generations. but he was swept into ofice by a tide of blood.
Hosea; israel�s last king rebelled against the assyrians.
Naboth�s vine yard: Ahab wants his land but he won�t give up his ancestoral land, Jezebel arranges to have it taken violently.
Hezekiah: Ritheous king. attempted to get out from under the assyrian domination, that had been imposed since his father had asked for their help. he was unsuccessful but jerusalem was still not conquered. instituted religious reforms. prays to god in temple for deliverance from the Assyrians. Jerusalem not conquered. he followed all laws
Manasseh: evil son of hezekiah who is looked negatively upon by the bible. idol worship. everything evil in the sight of the lord.
Issiah: because of Masasseh�s sins Isreal will be wiped out...
Josiah: (640-609) `he is one of the only two kings to escape condemnation during this period. had the temple cleaned... rediscovered the book of Moses�s law. credited with many religious reforms. killed by Nero. briefly under egypt and then judah placed under babylonian dom.
Huldah the prophetess who authenticated the book of law found in the temple found during the reign of Josiah
612 BCE, bbabylonians and Medes destroy assyrian capital
597 BCE first exile of part of israel into part of Babylon
Micaiah ben Imalah: phrophesied against the phrophets and said that ahab would die at the hands of thr Armeans
Zion=Jerusalem
Central prophets: more likely to work to change things from with ion the system
Perphirial prophets: were against the present state of things. drastic change.
Elijah: 9th century BCE, confronted by god with, wind, earthquake, fire and the sound of sheer silence. KJV translates �still small voice� had the contest with the prophets and jezebell and Baal. had all the priests killed.
Elisha: 850-800 BCE follower and designated sucessor of elijah, helped Jeru�s rebellion. against Omri�s son. he was always in the shadow of Elijah.
Chapter 11
8th century prophets were under the shadow of assyrian expansion, they adressed the people not just the rulers, this was similar to the change in assryian treaty making that occurred
Amos and Hosea were prophets in Israel in the 8th c. BCE
Micah and Isaiah were 8th in Judah
Oracle Heb. �burden�
The massenger formula:
insrtuction: prophet given divine instructions to give prophecy
summons: the message itself is introduced. �thus says the lord...�
the situation: the accused�s offense is identified, sometimes a question
the announcement proper: the actual announcement of judgement directed at the acccused. �there for thus says the lord.�
Amoses�s statement �herdsman and a dreser of sycamore trees� says several things, amos was not a prophet for a living, or at least not until called by god throws doubt on the idea that he could have been poor,
First Issiah: ch 1-39; the issiah of jerusalem
Second issiah: ch 40-55; deutro issiah
Third Issiah: ch 56-66
Issiah: messanic prophecy...possibly Jesus...
Chapter 12
Know the map on p. 394, fig 12.1 be able to identify the following:
The merdian Empire and the dynasty of egypt
the fact that Palestine was held by egypt
the babylonian empire and babylon, the city
ninevah and Carchemish
Sais (which is in the Nile Delta Reigon where some exiles settled)
the Assyrian empire at its zenith
Nebuchadrezzar: millitary leader of babylon, who conquered jerusalem after a revolt. deported many jews to babaylon. permitted them to live in their own communities, and allowed the presence of the former king. Jeremiah prophecied that that judah would fall..
587-539 BCE the period of babylonian exile
Important jewish communities established in Babylon and Egypt
Elephantine: an island on the nile river where a strong jewish community was established.
539 BCE Cyrus of Persia overthrows Babylonian rule, and jews are allowed to return to israel and worship freely.
Second Issiah the annonymous prophet who spoke words of hope to the exiles
chapters 40-55
Cyrus of Persia called God�s annointed Heb. mesiach, Eng. Messiah
Theme of Second Issiah: �that Yahweh is coming with compassion in the near future to restore his people�
The :�Servant Songs� of another author, associated with second Issiah rather than first
The Cyrus Cilinder: dated 528 BCE instituted the gov policy of re-establishing peoples to their native lands and promoting the cults of their gods. Cyrus is regarede as the liberator.
538 BCE, the decree of Cyrus allowing thr Jerusalem temple to be rebuilt.
Chapter 13
James Kugel:scholar related to parallelism in the bible
Parallelism: a certain contuinty of thought between sentences. they express similar ideas.
the charastic feature of hebrew poetry. �A is so and what�s more B�
Know the five predominant types of psalms:
1. Hymns or songs of Praise
2. Individual Laments or Songs of supplication
3. Individual Thanksgiving songs
4. Communal Laments
5. Royal Psalms
the hebrew title to the book of Psalms, Tehillim, �Praises�
hallel, �to praise�
Egyptian �Hymn to Aton� egyptian hymn of praise that has many similarities to hebrew psalms that praise the natural creation aspects of god.
the book of psalms has a �cultic orogin�: that is the origin and prupose of the psalms are to be found in the context of communal worship of ancient israel.
the book of psalms is an anthology with a five fold division, echoing the five books of the torah.
The Song of Songs was read by jews at passover as an allegorical reflection of Yahweh�s love for and the relationship with israel since exodous.
Song of Songs or Song of Solomon
Know the sic ways of interpreting:
1. Allegorical
2. Dramatic
3. Cultic
4. Wedding Week
5. Literary
6. womanist/ feminist
know that �love is as strong as death, passion fierce as the grave� is the climax and distillation of Song of Songs
Chapter 14
Gender issues present us, as readers of the Hebrew scriptures, with two tasks. First, we must consider gender constructs as they existed within the social structure of ancient israel. Then we must consider how gender constructs inour society influence the ways we read and understand the bible.
Athaliah: even she, who assumed power in the wake of the death of her son, King Ahaziah, was never referred to as queen. the hebrew bible never conferrs the title of queen on any isrealite woman.
know the three true named prophets: Miriam, Deborah, Huldah. women?
Megilloth: the five festival scrolls that are associated with the sacred seasons of the jewish caqlendar.
Ruth is used for the feast of Shavouth (=weeks or Pentacost) originally asociated with the agricultral calendar. with the whaet harvest. probably bec. of refrences in the story tto threshing.
Naomi(pleasant): (from Bethlehem-house of bread, ironic since famine) and Ruth(companion) (from Moab) Oprah (stubborn)
ruth a foreigner, marries naomi�s son, he dies...
Boaz(strength): rich relative that ruthe eventually marries
Ruth �companion� in Heb. vs. Oprah/�stubborn� in Heb.
makes vow of loyalty
Know basic plot of the story.
Chapter 15
The 3 wisdom Books: Proverbs, Job, and Ecclesiastes
The teaching of parents forms the foundation level of the wisdom�s program.
The Scribes: a narrow specalized class of elite that developed thanks to royal patronage.
eventually state scribes developed. yuppies of the old world.
they---poverty associated with liziness
royal setting of the wisdom literaturae, which is a product of the ruling elite.
parents
Religious scribialism during and afer the exile:
political scribes
proverb: Heb, mashal, �compassion�
Job, from Uz. may be a refrence to northwest arabia, he was probably not jewish---name, but worshiped God.
Ha-satan: the accuser.
know the orthodox prespective advocated by job�s friends: that his predicament is a direct result of sinfulness.
God answers from the whirl wind: god changes the context of the discusion to the whole of creation...
Know that there are parallels to Jod in Mesopotamian and Egyptian Literature.
Know the point of Job, as far as Gutierrez sees it: what it maens to talk to god in the context of the suffering poor: how to speak to god in the midst of suffering.
Chapter 16
Gk. apokalypsis, �revelation� �disclosure� �unveiling�
Know the distinction between apocalyptic/apocalypse literary genere, revelation typicically disclosed through an otherworldly meditator,
Apocalyptic movements, were active from the 3rd centruy BCE to the 3rd century CE
know that Daniel chs 1-6 puprorts to be from the Babylonian exile, but was written in the 2nd century BCE.
Daniel 7-12 discribes the persucition of jews under Antiochus IV Epiphanies, 175-164 BCE
Maccabean War, 167-164 BCE
63 BCE--roman rule in palestine begins
70 CE-- destruction of the temple by Romans
Study guide for Jewish life and literature:
332 BCE alexander the great conquers Palestine
167-164 BCE Maccabean Revolt. Jewish Revolt against Antiochus IV
Epipanes, who ahd desecrated the Temple and forced Hellinization on Palistine. Revolt ends in 164 with the reconstruction of the temple
Mattatis the priest and his sons and grandsons (known as the Maccabees and as the Hasmoneans) lead the revolt.
63 BCE Pompey enters Jerusalem, ROMan rule begins in palistine
7 or 4 BCE/ 30 or 33 CE: proposed dates for jesuses birth and death
the two Pharisaic schools of (free constructionists)Hillel and (strict constructionists)Shammai, 30 BCE--20 CE know which is strict interp of the law and which is looser
50-150 CE:books of the new testament composed during this period
66-67 : first jewish revolt agains Rome
70 CE: Jerusalme taken, Temple destroyed
132-135 CE: second jewish revolt against rome( also called the Bar Cochba/Bar Cosiba Revolt)
Know the names of the six main groups within Judisim during the period.
the pharisees, the sadducees, the essenes, the covenanters, the zealots, the samaritians, nazareans
rabbinic judisim surviver---parisees. and nazareans
Sadusees were an aristrocratic group incharge of the temple
Pharisees were from the middle part of society mostly of the nonpriestly order, concerned with the interpretation of the torah, chain of authority between teacher and diciples.
Study Guide for New Testament (Gospels and Epistles):
New testament written in Greek.
Gospel/ euangelion/ �good news�
Gospel: presemtations ofn the life of jesus, written as confessions of faith and in order to inspire the faith of others that Jesus is the Christ (messiah)
The gospels are �attempts to crystallize in final, written form what four different Christian communities believed was important about the christ figure. �
Know the names of the four Gospels: Mark: emphasis of Jesus�s suffering and death
Matthew: emphasis on Jesus fufilling predictions about the Messiah.
Luke: written as a two-volume work, with Acts. adressed to the Hellinistic Gentiles
John: mystical, with high view of Jesus as divinity in human form
Three Gospels are callled the Synoptics: Mathew, Mark, & Luke
Jesuses teachings are compatible with Pharisaic teaching methods, esp. those of the school of Hillel
Paul wrote in letter (Epistle) form.
One of Jesuses main messages was: that God�s rule is active in individual lives.
By contrast, Paul�s main message was that: people are saved, not by obedience to Torah, but by faith in christ
Study Guide for Rabbinic Literature:
200 CE: compilation of Mishnah
600 CE: compilation of Talmud (actually, of Babylonian Talmud)
Mishnah: Oral Torah, 200 CE, written in Hebrew.
Talmud: several generations� interpretations of Mishnah, 600 CE
written in Hebrew and Aramaic
Know the names of two Talmudim and which is more authoritative
jerusalem, babylonian... babylonian more authoraqtive
Midrash: 3 meanings: a way od thinking, an interpretive process, and a literary product.
Mishnah: to repeat. a repetition of the law. Oral interp of the scripture
200 CE 6 orders, 63 tractates, written inhebrew, mostly Halakah (law)
traces back to Hillel, compiled by Judah the Prince
Tosefta: to add, to increase, supplement
supplements the mishnah, 250--400CE 4 times as long Mish.
1.mishnah citations. 2.Commentary on it 3. supp mater. not in Mish
Talmud: to study, learn, so Learning
several generations of interp found in the mishnah
722/21 The fall of the Northern Kingdom to the Assyrians.
612 Babylonians and Medes destroy Ninevah, the Assyrian capital.
597 1st . Neduchadrezzar of Babylon moves against Judah, taking some of the prominent citizens back with him
587/86 The Babylonian Exile/ the fall of Jerusalem. S. falls, the temple and Jerusalem are destroyed
539 Cyrus of Persia overthrows Babylonian rule. End of Exile
332 Alexander the Great conquers Palestine
167-164 Maccabean Revolt. Jewish Revolt against Antiochus IV, who had desecrated the temple and Persecuted Jews
63 BCE Pompey enters Jerusalem, the beginning of Roman rule in Palistine.
30 BCE-- Wisdom schools of Hillel and Shami
20 CE
4/7 BCE Life of Jesus Christ.
--30/33 BCE
66-70 CE First Jewish revolt against Rome.
70 CE Temple destroyed, Jerusalem taken.
132-135 CE Second Jewish Revolt
50-150 CE New Testament Written
600 CE Completion of the Babylonian Talmudim