Chapter 1
Health is a multi dimensional process.
Health: the Dynamic ever changing process of trying to achieve your individual potential in physical, social, emotional, mental, spiritual, and environmental dimensions.
Wellness: achievement of the highest possible level of health in each of several dimensions
Healthy People 2000: new direction p.7
Purpose: promoting the health of individuals and groups
Goals: 1 increase the span of healthy years for Americans by three years
2 reduce health disparities between Americans (minority health is low)
3 give all Americans access to health services, particularly prevention
Prevention: acts or behaviors designed to prevent sickness
know forms, define, distinguish, give ex.
primary prevention: immunizations etc.., prevent disease
secondary prevention: recognizing health problems early on; cigarettes etc. before serious problems occur. try to reduce incidence (new cases) and prevalence (existing cases)
tertiary prevention: treatment or rehabilitation for people who have become sick. least cost effective
Preparing for Behavior change: p18-20
factors key to alternating
predisposing factors: life experience, knowledge, cultural beliefs, inheritance...
enabling factors: things that make it easier ex. living by a bar
Reinforcing factors: presence or absence of support from family or friends.
relate “do beliefs and attitudes influence behavior” to Health Belief Model HBM p21and 23
factors supporting a belief for change to occur
Health Belief Model: model for explaining how many beliefs influence behavior
Perceived seriousness of a problem
Perceived susceptibility to problem
Cues to action, people who are reminded are more likely to act
three other factors: demographic variables(age, sex..), sociopsychological (personality, social pressure), structural variables (knowledge or contact w/ health problem.
Theory of Reasoned Action model for explaining the importance of our intentions in determining our behaviors
Making behavior changes p26-29 KNOW
Antecedents: the setting and events that cue a behavior, can be physical events,
thoughts or actions of others concepts of consequences
Consequences results of behavior that influence whether it will be repeated or not
frequency how often
duration how long
seriousness
Basis for problem behavior
Chapter 2
Psychological health: the mental, emotional, social and spiritual dimensions of health
mental health- (interchangeable with emotional health) the thinking part of psychological health. includes values, attitudes and beliefs
emotions complex feelings we experience every day
elements shared by healthy people p34-38
psychological characteristics of healthy people:
1 feel good about selves
2 feel comfortable with other people
3 control tension and anxiety
4 meet the demands of life
5 curb hate and guilt
6 maintain positive outlook
7 enrich lives of others
8 cherish the thing that make them smile
9 value diversity
10 appreciate nature
40-42
external influences- factors in life that we do not control, specifically the physical environment
ex. family
internal influences hormones, health, fitness...in the body
ex. hormones
Albert Bandura--self efficacy belief in your ability to perform a task successfully
Seligman’s-- learned helplessness pattern responding to a situation by giving up because you have failed in the past.
44
self esteem sense of self respect or self confidence
1 find support groups
2 complete required tasks
3 form realistic expectations
4 make time for you
5 maintain physical health
6 examine problems and seek help
48-49 depression know
most common disorder 1/5 Americans
2/3 are women
endogenous depression result of biological problems
exogenous depression caused by the external problem like the loss of a loved one
53 gender issues
PMS depression, irritability, and increased symptoms of stress just prior to menstruation
53-54
Suicide: women try 4 times as often as men, but men are 3 times as successful
warning signs
loss and inability to let go of grief
change in personality
change in behavior
diminished sexual interest
expressions of self hatred
change in sleep patterns
change in eating habits
direct/indirect statements about suicide
final preparations
preoccupation with death
sudden unexplained happiness
appearance changes
risk taking
prevention action
monitor signals
take threats seriously
let them know you care
listen
ask directly
help think of other alternatives
remember that your relationships with others involve responsibilities
tell other close relations
Chapter 3
62-64
stress mental and physical response to change
eustress stress that presents opportunities for personal growth
distress stress that can have a negative effect on health
know p63
psychoneuroimmunology science of interaction between the mind and the immune system
know 64-67
General Adaptation Syndrome: the pattern followed by our psychological reaction to stress consisting of the alarm resistance and exhaustion phases
Alarm: fight or flight,
Resistance: parasympathetic nervous sys works to calm down excitement caused by sympathetic
Exhaustion: when physical and psychological energy used to fight stressor have been exhausted, does not always occur with short term stress
Homeostasis: physical state of balance to which all organisms naturally tend
67-72
change always causes stress
hassles seemingly insignificant small stressors
Towbes and Cohen Scale--Chronic stressors for college students p68
71 personality type and hardiness
A competitive, anxious time driven perfectionists
B relaxed, non competitive
C thrive on stress, succeed more than B, while and have good health while acting like type A
psychological hardiness personality characteristic characterized by control, commitment and challenge
these people are able to accept responsibility for their behavior and change debilitating patterns.
commitment=good self-esteem, challenge=pesonal growth
exexcise-stress, exercise helps reduce stress by increasing the level of endorphins (mood elevating, pain killing, hormones.)
Chapter 5
The Communication Process (5 parts)
communication the transmission of information and meaning from one individual to another
1 sender has idea
2 sender encodes the message
3 channel carries the message
4 receiver decodes the message
5 receiver sends feedback
Barriers to Communication
1 Difference in backgrounds. social, sex, race...
2 Alcohol and Drugs; 90% or campus rapes occur with alcohol
Barriers between doctors and patients
3 Language Specialization; doctors may use highly specialized jargon
4 Socioeconomic differences; medical education, income,...
5 Patient Anxiety; anger...waiting rooms, embarassment...STD.
Self Disclosure the process of revealing one’s inner thoughts, feelings and beliefs to another person.
Get to know yourself
Become more accepting of yourself
choose a safe context for self disclosure
College Students Listen with an average effectiveness of 25%.
Ways to improve listening skills:
1 Stop talking
2 work hard at listening
3 Maintain an open mind
4 provide verbal and non verbal feedback
5 paraphrase the speaker’s ideas
Nonverbal communication includes all unwritten and unspoken messages, both intentional and unintentional 93% of meaning comes from nonverbal cues: tone, facial expressions, ..
Using “I” messages ways of communicating by taking personal responsibility for communicating our own feelings, thoughts and beliefs.
women and men appear to have different gender dialects... different ways of phrasing their thoughts.
Do gender differences in communication styles really exist?
women have ethic of care: sensitivity, loyalty, self sacrifice..
men have ethic of justice: individual rights, equity, fair play
Chapter 6
Characteristics of Intimate Relationships
Behavioral interdependence; how do we influence each other
Need fulfillment; fulfill psychological needs
emotional attachment;
Dimensions of intimacy
Sexual intimacy
Intellectual intimacy
Emotional intimacy
Aesthetic intimacy
Recreational intimacy, being able to relax and be childish with one another
Work intimacy
Crisis intimacy
Commitment intimacy
Spiritual intimacy
---Creative intimacy--, the sharing of emotional and social factors that help people grow and learn, is possible once balance has been achieved in selected areas of intimacy. most people move towards creative intimacy
Love
Compassionate love: secure trusting attachment, similar the love for family or friends
Passionate love: high arousal; ecstasy of love, agony of rejection, preoccupation
oxytocin the cuddle chemical, stimulates sexual feelings, and feelings of satisfaction and attachment. KNOW
Triangle theory of love, three components:
Intimacy; emotional, feeling of closeness
passion: motivation, romantic or sexual
decision/commitment: thoughts, the mental component
the higher the levels the more likely the relationship is healthy and positive
Gender issues
men are less likely to express their emotions, but more likely to express them to women
separation from mother as a cause?
Picking partners
men tend to pick partners based on physical attractiveness and youth
women look at physical, but also look older with for financial well being and dependability
Elements of Good Relationships
Trust the degree of confidence felt in a relationship (three elements)
1 predictability: partner acts consistently so his actions can be anticipated
2 dependability: can rely on partner to give support
3 Faith: can feel absolutely certain about your partners intentions and behavior
End of relationship (warning signs)
change in communication: not listening etc.
increase in # of unresolved problems
less time spent alone
Chapter 7
gender role identity
gender role stereotypes: generalization about how males and females should act, and the characteristics they possess
ex. men are thought to be independent and aggressive
women are expected to be passive
Androgyny is the combination of these two traits
Know male and female anatomy
vestibule
perineum
mucous membrane
uterus-
vagina- passage in females leading from the vulva to the uterus
moons pubis-fatty tissue covering the pelvic bone in women
vulva- females external genitalia
clitoris: female organ for pleasure located just outside the entrance to the vagina
fallopian tubes
Cowpers glands
prostate gland: secrete fluids and neutralizing fluids
vas deferens transfers sperm towards the penis
epididymis
penis
scrotum
testes
urethra
semen
seminal vesicles storage areas for sperm where nutrients are added
Stages of the human sexual response
excitement/arrousal
vasocongestion--increased blood flow to the genital region during the first stage of arousal
plateau initial response is intensified,
orgasm muscle spasms, ejaculation.
resolution systems relax and return to normal
some males experience a refractory period during which no subsequent arousal's are possible
Sexual orientation
homophobia-- irrational fear of homosexuality in others
Limerance passionate sexual attraction, being turned on--lasts at most two years
Love
Options for sexual expression
celibacy
auto erotic behaviors-- self stimulation, fantasies, masturbation
kissing, erotic toughing
oral sex
anal intercourse
vaginal intercourse
Sexual arousal disorders
ISD inhibited sexual desire (boredom lack of desire...)
Sexual Aversion -- fear, unreasonable fear of sex..
Male: premature ejaculation
retarded ejaculation
impotence
Female: preorgasmic, does not have orgasim
Dyspareunia, pain expirenced by female during intercourse
Vaginismus, invoulentary contraction of the vaginal muscles that makes penile insertion painful or impossible
Chapter 8
outercourse- masturbation or oral sex by a partner
no danger of pregnancy, but danger or STD
theoretical contraceptive rate: percent of women become pregnant in one year using the protection properly
actual effectiveness is lower because they are not always used correctly
Pill uses progesterone (prevents uterine lining from growing) and estrogen (prevents development of ova)
lessens period and cramps
reduces risk of cancer
but may increase heart risk
Progesterone only pills
no estrogen side effects
cause irregular menstrual bleeding
Emergency contraceptive pills
concentrated dose of birth control pills
know
spermacide
jellies
female condoms
cervical cap
intrauterine devices
Depo-provera -shot
Norplant-- most effective-put in arm lasts five years, cheaper than birth control
vaginal ring- containing estrogen and progesterone
diaphragm must leave in 6 to 8 hours 82% effective
fertility awareness methods
cervical mucus method-mucus becomes thicker and more abundant during ovulation
body temp rises .4 to .8 deg after ovulation
calendar method woman records exact length of menstrual cycle
KNOW calendar method
day 9 is the first unsafe day after menstruation, day 16 is the last unsafe day after menstruation
permanent sterilization
female: tubal ligation
hysterectomy
male: vasectomy
Abortion
Roe vs Wade-- decided that abortion was protected under the right to privacy
1 St. trimester ok--fetus not viable
vacuum aspiration: the use of gentle suction to remove fetal tissue from the uterus
(D&C) Dilation and Curettage cervix is dialated with lamina and the uterine walls are scraped clean
Hysterotomy surgical removal of the fetus from the uterus
RU-486 steroid hormone that induces abortion by blocking the action of progesterone
actually is much more difficult that regular abortion
Chapter 19
Factors you can’t control
heredity heart disease, sickle cell
aging after 40 we are more vounerable
environmental factors pollution, unsanitary conditions, weaken the immune system
Factors you can control
physical fitness
substance abuse
personal hygiene
Staphylococcal infections skin, acne, toxic shock,
streptococcal infections strep throat
pneumonia cough, chest pains
Legionnaire’s disease similar to pneumonia; especially bad for the elderly
tuberculosis air transmitted hard to catch, aids people at high risk
Viruses
1/500 th the size of bacteria
incubation periods
slow acting viruses may take years to show signs
Common cold caused by viruses--responsible for more lost days than any other ailment
caused by 100 different viruses
Hepatitis-- A-oral B-genatil
fever, headache, nausea, rashes brown yellow urine 300,000 new cases a year
liver infection-- yellowing or eyes
vaccine available expensive
Gonorrhea #2 in US painful urination, milky discharge can cause damage if not treated and cured
chlamydia #1 in US often has on symptoms--painful urination, pus-like discharge, female spotting between periods, and after intercourse if untreated can damage reproductive organs curable
herpes uncomfortable sores on skin often genitals COLD SORES are very contagious
after initial infection virus becomes dormant, and only resurfaces during time of infection NOT CURABLE
syphilis (three stages) curable, lack of health care access, more sex, drugs
primary painless sore at sight of infection
secondary one year later-- rash, fever, hair loss can be passed to fetus charce pronounced cankers, that occur at the site of infection
latent organs infected years later, blindness, ... even insanity
Pelvic inflammatory disease (several infections)
if untreated can causes infertility, and other reproductive problems treatable
Venereal warts skin and mucus membranes on the genitalia are susceptible
treatment of warts helps prevent cancer
Possible Discussion Questions
1) 5 dimensions of health -- identification of & explanation
Mental health ability to learn grow from expirenceand utilize ability
Emotional health to express emotions when appropriate and have feelings of self worth
Social health ability to have satisfying interpersonal relationships
Spiritual health ability to understand ones purpose in life, fulness peace
Physical health body size, shape, fitness, welness
2) Biopsychosocial model and signs & symptoms of addiction (see addiction handout from lab)
Biopsychological model of addiction: the theory of relationships among an addict’s biological/genetic nature (predisposition) and psychological / sociocultral influence
psychological factors + social factors = Quantity and frequency of choices
therefore, biology + quantity and frequency of choices = addiction
succeptibility to alcoholism is partially hereditary
women have lower tolerence and are more likely to get drunk (less muscle, hormones)
American indians & Asians have lower tolerence
Psychological factors (depression, low self esteem)
Child hood expirences (trauma, divorce, )
Sociocultral factors (family friends)
Enviromental factors (life events, death, divorce)
enablers: people who, knowingly or not, protect addicts from the natural consequences of their behavior
Codependents: people who are in a self defeating relationship pattern where the person is almost addicted to the addict. ex. ( a guy’s girl friend only enjoys being around him when he is drunk)
(3) Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs --explanation of its levels, where they
think they are at in the pyramid
He led the movement known as humanistic psychology;
Humanists believe that behavior is motivated by desire for presonal growth and that it involves free choice and the ability to make rational decisions.
Maslow developed the theory that people ach ive emotional well being through a hierarchy of needs:(see figure 2.4 on p. 43)
lowest level: Psysiological(physical) most basic: air, water, food, shelter, sleep, sex, survival
Safety and security
Social acceptance and belonging
Ego, self esteem
Highets level: self actualization (vitality, individuality, perfection, completion, richness, self sufficence, relevance)
he theorized that needs on the lower levels must be met before gains can be made towards self actualization.
4) 8 components of sexuality --identification of & explanation
Biology & Psychology
Identity
Orientation (erotic or emotional towards others)
Enviroment
Decisions
Communication
Behavior
Expirence
5) Contraceptives -- advantages, disadvantages, how does it work, how it's
used, where it's obtained, does it protect against STDs
See Chapter 8
6) Contraceptives -- Compare & contrast the theoretical versus practical
effectiveness (i.e. explain why there is a difference) of using certain
contraceptives (maybe condoms, birth control pills, etc.)
See Chapter 8
7) Stress -- explanation of the general adaptation theory of
stress,examples of manifestations of stress
8) STDs -- social conditions that have lead to the present
level/prevalence of STDs in US
media glamorizes easy sex
people my avoid treatment because of moral stigma
people uncomfortable with sex issues my be less likely to use protection
many infected people knowilgly or unknowingly continue to spread disease
ignorance
9) STDs -- choose some STDs and describe symptoms for a male, a female,
how transmission can be prevented, how the disease can be treated
see chapter 19